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• The performance of industrial
output in Brazil remains puzzling: retail sales have been doing fine (except in
May), while the economy operates close to full employment. Yet, industrial
output has been either stagnant or in decline since early 2011, despite the
apparent strength of consumer demand;
•
Adding to the puzzle, the labor market remains strong, thanks chiefly to
the services sector, where employment continues to rise at a solid pace, where while industrial employment, like output, fares substantially worse;
• Based on the work of Afonso
Pastore, Marcelo Gazano and Maria Cristina Pinotti, I proposed a relatively
simple model that formalizes the issue and puts forth an explanation. Whereas
the expansion of domestic demand tends to distribute itself across sectors when
there is slack in the labor market (a high unemployment rate), the dynamics
change considerably as the economy approaches full employment;
• Indeed, when labor is
available, both sectors can grow; yet, as scarcity materializes, the sectors
must compete for resources. That said, given that services must be produced
locally, the expansion of domestic demand requires the expansion of domestic
services output. In contrast, the expansion of the demand for manufactures can
be met by higher net imports, so manufacturing output can go down while demand
and supply for both manufactures and services clear;
• More concretely, competition
for labor pushes wages, and hence unit labor costs, up. The industrial sector,
however, is constrained from passing higher costs to prices due to
international competition; the services sector, however, does not face the same
constraint, so it can pass costs through to prices, limited only be domestic
demand;
• Thus, when the economy is close
to full employment, domestic demand growth leads to an asymmetric supply
response: non-tradable sector thrive thrives, while tradable sectors whither, if
international prices remain constant;
• We claim that this dynamics
provide an explanation for the industrial puzzle that is both simple and
consistent with the empirical evidence;
• That said, there is not much to
be done in terms of policy to tackle this problem, aside a significant fiscal
effort in terms of reducing government spending, chiefly for non-tradable
goods. This policy would reduce the pressure on the labor market, hence on unit
labor costs and industrial margins. Yet, I would not hold my breath waiting for
it.